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Jharkhand Santali Language
Origin
Santali is a language which has long been spoken by the tribes of India, these are generally backward tribes. It is the one of the language which remains as it is since the time it is been in use ,there are hardly any changes to the language even in the modern times. It is generally spoken in the Jharkhand west Bengal Assam and Orissa, it is also being used by some of the tribes residing in Nepal Myanmar and surrounding regions.
History
Santali verbal communication is more a part of the Austro-asiatic family. The Santali alphabets are generally known as the Ol chiki. Until early 20th century this language did not have any proper script to write it in it was generally written in the native bangle devnagari or the Latin writing systems. It was generally the oral communication that this language was used vastly. There was a need for correctly expressing the Santali language which was felt by some of the sandals and thus the Ol chiki script came into existence in 1920’s , as a result of effort of the Pandit raghunath murmur. Pandit raghunath is commonly known as the guru gomke title given to him. He provided Santal with a language of their own script so that they can easily communicate among themselves. He helped the tribal’s in uplifting there status and providing a common platform to the people who were using Santali language. He was one of the highly acclaimed linguistics of India.
Geographical distribution
Santali verbal communication is not only restricted to India, but it also has its roots expanding to various other countries like it is spoken in some parts of Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar. There are more than 6.5 million people who use this language as medium of communication, out of which 4.8 million reside in India and some 1.5 million residing in Bangladesh and rest scattered unevenly in and around Nepal , Bhutan and Myanmar due to the uniformity in the verbal communication people find it easy to communicate between several tribes using this language unlike the other languages.
Phonology
Santali has 21 consonants and 8 non nasal and 6 nasal vowels.
Consonants
|
Bilabial |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
|
Stops |
voiceless |
p(ph) |
t(th) |
ʈ (ʈh) |
c(ch) |
k |
|
voiced |
b(bh) |
d(dh) |
ɖ (ɖh) |
ɟ (ɟh) |
g(gh) |
|
|
Fricatives |
|
s |
|
|
|
h |
|
Nasals |
m |
n |
|
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
|
Trills |
|
r |
|
|
|
|
|
Flap |
|
|
ɽ |
|
|
|
|
Lateral |
|
l |
|
|
|
|
|
glides |
w |
|
|
j<y> |
|
|
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
High |
i ĩ |
|
u ũ |
Mid-High |
e |
ə ə̃ |
o |
Mid-Low |
ɛ ɛ̃ |
|
ɔ ɔ̃ |
Low |
|
a ã |
|
Dialects
Santali language is a dialect of other language known as the munda language. It includes both the southern and the northern dialects santali language being the major member of one of the sub-group of the kherwarian branch of north munda .Another notable aspect of the Santali verbal communication is that it makes extensive use of the suffixes and a very small number of the prefixes.
Syntax
Syntax in Santali verbal communication is generally written is Subject + Object + verb. Though due to its recent development of the script Ol chiki which is now used topics can be fronted accordingly.